| Rigidity |
2-3x of copper
1.5-2x of steel |
rigid elements |
boring bars
special shafting
grinding quills |
| Thermal Expansion |
similar to many ceramics
40% of steel
30% of steel |
thermal control |
heat sinks
transition spacers |
| Melting Temperature |
highest of any metal
2x of steel
3x of copper |
high heat elements |
furnace elements
jigs
welding tips
light bulb elements
electrical contacts
high temperature tooling
|
| Thermal Conductivity |
40% of copper
2-3x of steel |
|
furnace elements
jigs
welding tips
light bulb elements
electrical contacts
high temperature tooling |
| Mechanical Properties |
like mild steel |
in combination with other properties |
tooling
mechanical devices |
| Density |
7x aluminum
2.5x steel
1.5x lead |
shielding weights |
radiation shielding
X-ray shielding counterweights balancing weights
anti-vibration devices vibration sensing devices |
| Cost |
10 x steel
10 x lead
< < precious metals similar to nickel alloys |
|
|
| Ease of Making |
high temperature powder metallurgy relatively low cost |
|
|
